Research & GrantsThe work a university is finally able to show

A project joins at its current position: the sanction, its heads, the remaining duration and the spending already incurred, entered once as an opening figure. Past vouchers stay in the file where they are — nothing is re-keyed backwards. From that point utilisation is posted as it happens, so the next certificate is read rather than rebuilt.

Either, and it is set per project. Most universities have accounts post the bills and the research office reconcile them against the sanctioned heads, with the investigator reading rather than typing; where a department runs its own spending, the investigator posts and the office approves. What stops happening is the office asking an investigator to reconstruct a year of expenditure the week a certificate is due.

Yes — somebody confirms an output against the project and the author. Nothing is gathered on its own, and we would rather say so than claim a list assembles itself. Once it is entered it stays attached to the project that funded it, so a department compiles its list once instead of again at every deadline.

A scholar sees their own registration, milestones, review dates and what has been submitted — the things they are otherwise chasing a guide to confirm. Committee deliberation and a supervisor's working remarks sit apart, shown only to those entitled to them. Where that line falls is the university's decision, set once.